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noncommutative F_un geometry (1)

It is perhaps surprising that Alain Connes and Katia Consani, two icons of noncommutative geometry, restrict themselves to define commutative algebraic geometry over F1, the field with one element.

My guess of why they stop there is as good as anyone’s. Perhaps they felt that there is already enough noncommutativity in Soule’s gadget-approach (the algebra AX as in this post may very well be noncommutative). Perhaps they were only interested in the Bost-Connes system which can be entirely encoded in their commutative F1-geometry. Perhaps they felt unsure as to what the noncommutative scheme of an affine noncommutative algebra might be. Perhaps …

Remains the fact that their approach screams for a noncommutative extension. Their basic object is a covariant functor

N : abeliansetsAN(A)

from finite abelian groups to sets, together with additional data to the effect that there is a unique minimal integral scheme associated to N. In a series of posts on the Connes-Consani paper (starting here) I took some care of getting rid of all scheme-lingo and rephrasing everything entirely into algebras. But then, this set-up can be extended verbatim to noncommuative F1-geometry, which should start from a covariant functor

N : groupssets

from all finite groups to sets. Let’s recall quickly what the additional info should be making this functor a noncommutative (affine) F_un scheme :

There should be a finitely generated C-algebra R together with a natural transformation (the ‘evaluation’)

e : Nmaxi(R)N(G)HomCalg(R,CG)

(both R and the group-algebra CG may be noncommutative). The pair (N,maxi(R)) is then called a gadget and there is an obvious notion of ‘morphism’ between gadgets.

The crucial extra ingredient is an affine Z-algebra (possibly noncommutative) S
such that N is a subfunctor of mini(S) : GHomZalg(S,ZG) together with the following universal property :

any affine Z-algebra T having a gadget-morphism  (N,maxi(R))(mini(T),maxi(TZC)) comes from a Z-algebra morphism TS. (If this sounds too cryptic for you, please read the series on C-C mentioned before).

So, there is no problem in defining noncommutative affine F_un-schemes. However, as with any generalization, this only makes sense provided (a) we get something new and (b) we have interesting examples, not covered by the restricted theory.

At first sight we do not get something new as in the only example we did in the C-C-series (the forgetful functor) it is easy to prove (using the same proof as given in this post) that the forgetful-functor groupssets still has as its integral form the integral torus Z[x,x1]. However, both theories quickly diverge beyond this example.

For example, consider the functor

groupssetsGG×G

Then, if we restrict to abelian finite groups abelian it is easy to see (again by a similar argument) that the two-dimensional integer torus Z[x,y,x1,y1] is the correct integral form. However, this algebra cannot be the correct form for the functor on the category of all finite groups as any Z-algebra map ϕ : Z[x,y,x1,y1]ZG determines (and is determined by) a pair of commuting units in ZG, so the above functor can not be a subfunctor if we allow non-Abelian groups.

But then, perhaps there isn’t a minimal integral Z-form for this functor? Well, yes there is. Take the free group in two letters (that is, all words in noncommuting x,y,x1 and y1 satisfying only the trivial cancellation laws between a letter and its inverse), then the corresponding integral group-algebra ZF2 does the trick.

Again, the proof-strategy is the same. Given a gadget-morphism we have an algebra map f : TCF2 and we have to show, using the universal property that the image of T is contained in the integral group-algebra ZF2. Take a generator
z of T then the degree of the image f(z) is bounded say by d and we can always find a subgroup HF2 such that F2/H is a fnite group and the quotient map CF2CF2/H is injective on the subspace spanned by all words of degree strictly less than d+1. Then, the usual diagram-chase finishes the proof.

What makes this work is that the free group F2 has ‘enough’ subgroups of finite index, a property it shares with many interesting discrete groups. Whence the blurb-message :

if the integers Z see a discrete group Γ, then the field F1 sees its profinite completion ˆΓ=lim Γ/H

So, yes, we get something new by extending the Connes-Consani approach to the noncommutative world, but do we have interesting examples? As “interesting” is a subjective qualification, we’d better invoke the authority-argument.

Alexander Grothendieck (sitting on the right, manifestly not disputing a vacant chair with Jean-Pierre Serre, drinking on the left (a marvelous picture taken by F. Hirzebruch in 1958)) was pushing the idea that profinite completions of arithmetical groups were useful in the study of the absolute Galois group Gal(¯Q/Q), via his theory of dessins d’enfants (children;s drawings).

In a previous life, I’ve written a series of posts on dessins d’enfants, so I’ll restrict here to the basics. A smooth projective ¯Q-curve X has a Belyi-map XP1¯Q ramified only in three points 0,1,. The “drawing” corresponding to X is a bipartite graph, drawn on the Riemann surface XC obtained by lifting the unit interval [0,1] to X. As the absolute Galois group acts on all such curves (and hence on their corresponding drawings), the action of it on these dessins d’enfants may give us a way into the multiple mysteries of the absolute Galois group.

In his “Esquisse d’un programme” (Sketch of a program if you prefer to read it in English) he writes :

“C’est ainsi que mon attention s’est portée vers ce que j’ai appelé depuis la “géométrie algêbrique anabélienne”, dont le point de départ est justement une étude (pour le moment limitée à la caractéristique zéro) de l’action de groupe de Galois “absolus” (notamment les groupes Gal(¯K/K), ou K est une extension de type fini du corps premier) sur des groupes fondamentaux géométriques (profinis) de variétés algébriques (définies sur K), et plus particulièrement (rompant avec une tradition bien enracinée) des groupes fondamentaux qui sont trés éloignés des groupes abéliens (et que pour cette raison je nomme “anabéliens”). Parmi ces groupes, et trés proche du groupe ˆπ0,3, il y a le compactifié profini du groupe modulaire SL2(Z), dont le quotient par le centre ±1 contient le précédent comme sous-groupe de congruence mod 2, et peut s’interpréter d’ailleurs comme groupe “cartographique” orienté, savoir celui qui classifie les cartes orientées triangulées (i.e. celles dont les faces des triangles ou des monogones).”

and a bit further, he writes :

“L’élément de structure de SL2(Z) qui me fascine avant tout, est bien sur l’action extérieure du groupe de Galois Gal(¯Q/Q) sur le compactifié profini. Par le théorème de Bielyi, prenant les compactifiés profinis de sous-groupes d’indice fini de SL2(Z), et l’action extérieure induite (quitte à passer également à un sous-groupe overt de Gal(¯Q,Q)), on trouve essentiellement les groupes fondamentaux de toutes les courbes algébriques définis sur des corps de nombres K, et l’action extérieure de Gal(¯K/K) dessus.”

So, is there a noncommutative affine variety over F1 of which the unique minimal integral model is the integral group algebra of the modular group ZΓ (with Γ=PSL2(Z)? Yes, here it is

NΓ : groupssetsGG2×G3

where Gn is the set of all elements of order n in G. The reason behind this is that the modular group is the free group product C2C3.

Fine, you may say, but all this is just algebra. Where is the noncommutative complex variety or the noncommutative integral scheme in all this? Well, we can introduce them too but as this post is already 1300 words long, I’ll better leave this for another time. In case you cannot stop thinking about it, here’s the short answer.

The complex noncommutative variety has as its ‘points’ all finite dimensional simple complex representations of the modular group, and the ‘points’ of the noncommutative F1-scheme are exactly the (modular) dessins d’enfants…

Published in absolute geometry noncommutative

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